Experimental cancer vaccine ‘which trains the immune system to recognise and kill tumours’ is being tested on dogs in hope it may protect humans
- The study will enroll 800 middle-aged dogs in a trial of the cancer vaccine
- The vaccine is thought to train dogs to attack epitopes on tumour cells
- Epitopes are found on the outside on types of cells considered harmful
A vaccine to try and prevent or delay cancer in dogs could one day be trialled on people, according to researchers.
Scientists are preparing to test a drug that is hoped to train the immune system to recognise and attack a specific part of cancer cells.
They have chosen a part of cancer cells which the immune cells – white blood cells – normally attach to, and which they believe are common to various cancers.
Teaching the body to attack this whenever it finds it could mean dogs’ bodies have a very early line of defence against tumours.
And because cancer in dogs develops in a similar way to humans, and may be triggered by similar environmental factors, the jab could one day be given to people.
The study run by the Flint Animal Cancer Center in Colorado will enroll 800 middle-aged dogs, such as Fraser (pictured), in a trial of the cancer vaccine
Because cancer in dogs develops in a similar way to humans, and may be triggered by similar factors, the jab could one day be given to people (pictured is Gordon, who has cancer)
Researchers from Arizona State University and Colorado State University will trial their vaccine on 800 dogs to see if it has any chances of success.
Possible results are that fewer dogs get cancer, the disease takes longer to develop or the vaccine doesn’t work at all.
Speaking about the outcomes, Dr Doug Thamm told CNN: ‘One is there is less cancer in the dogs that get the vaccine. That would be a huge victory.
‘A second outcome that could be, I would argue, almost as valuable, is if we delay the onset of cancer.
‘If we have a nine-year-old dog who would normally get cancer at 10 and instead that dog doesn’t get cancer until 12, that’s two more years of healthy life that we can potentially provide.’
Because dogs don’t live as long as people but the effects of old age are comparable, Dr Thamm and his team said, the vaccine’s effects can be studied in a shorter time.
Possible results are that fewer dogs get cancer, the disease takes longer to develop or the vaccine doesn’t work at all (pictured, is one of the scientists working on the drug)
The vaccine, which hasn’t yet been publicly named, is intended to work by training the dog’s body to attack epitopes on tumour cells. Epitopes are parts of structures found on the outside of the types of cells which trigger the immune system to attack them
HOW COULD THE VACCINE WORK?
The vaccine is intended to work by training the dog’s body to attack epitopes on tumour cells.
Epitopes are parts of structures found on the outside of the types of cells which trigger a response from the immune system.
To develop the vaccine, Dr Stephen Johnston from Arizona State University, listed hundreds of epitopes which he and his team found on the cells of common cancers in dogs.
Dr Johnston’s team chose 31 of the epitopes representing a range of forms of the disease and used those to create the vaccine.
By introducing the 31 epitopes into the dogs’ bodies without the cancer cells, the scientists hope they can train the body to recognise them as an illness and use the immune system to attack them.
This would mean that if a cancerous tumour started to develop, the body would start to attack them straight away, either slowing down the cancer’s growth or stopping it completely in its tracks.
The dogs won’t be given anything which makes them develop cancer faster, but simply followed through their normal lives after getting the jab.
If the same approach was tried in humans it would take decades for people to die so results could be collected.
But for the dogs, who must all be between six and 10 years of age to qualify for the study, the vaccine’s results can be collected in a much shorter space of time.
‘This is a critical study in the evaluation of this vaccine,’ Dr Thamm said.
‘While effectiveness has been shown in the lab, moving immediately to a very large, expensive and time-consuming human study is a leap that is hard to justify.
‘Testing this approach in dogs will serve as the perfect bridge to human studies.
‘Additionally, if it is successful, we will have a new tool for cancer prevention in our pets, potentially decades before it is available for humans.’
The vaccine, which hasn’t yet been publicly named, is intended to work by training the dog’s body to attack epitopes on tumour cells.
Epitopes are parts of structures found on the outside of the types of cells which trigger the immune system to attack them.
Dr Stephen Johnston, from Arizona State, developed the vaccine by finding dozens of epitopes which were found on the cancer cells of eight of the most common forms of the disease.
By introducing a select 31 of those epitopes into the dogs’ bodies without the cancer cells, the scientists hope they can train the body to attack them.
This would mean that if a cancerous tumour started to develop, the body’s own immune system would start to attack them straight away, either slowing down the cancer’s growth or stopping it completely.
The closest thing to a cancer vaccine in humans are ones like the HPV and Hepatitis B jabs, which stop viruses which are known to lead to cancer.
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