Psychologists try to understand human thinking and even predict our behavior. For a long time, they relied on simplified models to show how factor A leads to behavior B. “These models have certainly helped us understand behavior,” says Monique Chambon, a social psychology researcher at the University of Amsterdam. “But, in reality, human thinking and behavior is much more complex. There are many more factors that influence our behavior, and we have to account for that.”
A psychological network approach
The question is: How? Chambon and her colleagues at the University of Amsterdam and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) have developed what they call a “broad attitude network.” This is a network that enables them to examine the interplay between different psychological factors and behavior.
The network consists of nodes of nodes representing factors associated with human behavior, such as emotions and thoughts, but also others such as age and gender. The circles represent the factors, the lines indicate interactions between factors. These lines are computed using data from research. The resulting network can then be used to see how factors are interrelated, thus visualizing the complexity of human thought and behavior. “The beauty of this method is that it also reveals differences between groups,” Chambon adds.
COVID-tested method
The coronavirus pandemic gave the researchers a chance to test a first version of their method. In a comparative study conducted in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, they investigated which factors play a role in preventive behaviors such as social distancing, and how they relate to each other. They focused on broad factors, such as social norms, trust in authorities and individual health.
The study showed that preventive behavior is more strongly associated with people’s support for the corona measures and perceptions about their effectiveness than for example with their own health or fear of the virus. People were also found to be sensitive to social norms, albeit chiefly those of family and friends. Thus, they were more likely to follow guidelines if they thought their friends and family were doing so than if it was simply the general social norm. This is an important refinement in our understanding of the role of social norms on behavior. Finally, the study found some differences between the Netherlands and England.
“Behavioral interventions often target one aspect or a specific component,” Chambon says. “Our method shows how interventions targeting one node also touch other nodes associated with behavior. Interventions are likely to be more effective if they take account of this interrelationship between different factors.”
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Refining the network approach
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